How to treat diabetes?Of course, insulin.Everyone knows, even those who are far from medicine.After all, diabetes (hereinafter - Diabetes) is when sugar increases.And insulin reduces this sugar.
In general, right.If you do not take into account a little insignificant, at first glance, but in fact important details.
Insulin
Yes, insulin really reduces the high level of sugar (more precisely - glucose) in blood plasma.
With type 1 diabetes, which develops mainly at a young age, an absolute deficiency in insulin is noted - this hormone is not secreted (or secreted in low quantities) with certain pancreatic structures, the changing langers.
There is no insulin - there is no use of glucose and other metabolic processes are pathological.If you introduce insulin as part of replacement therapy, the situation can be corrected to some extent.
Under the influence of this medication, glucose between where it is supposed to be - in a cage, where it is subject to separation.Metabolism is standardized.
Everything would be simple if it was not that difficult.The fact is that in some cases, the introduction of insulin can lead to major problems that its absence.The reason is hypoglycemia, a sharp drop in glucose in blood plasma.
Insulin overdose affects very quickly, and sometimes instantly.
The skin becomes pale, the blood pressure drops, a coma is developing, from which the patient is very difficult to eliminate.
The cause of hypoglycemia is not only an overdose, but also the inappropriate administration of insulin.This medication should only be administered after taking a light food.Before the introduction of insulin, physical activity, the constraints are not desirable.
This is why the dosage of insulin is carefully selected by the endocrinologist according to the level of blood sugar (the glucose content in blood plasma), which is determined by laboratory means.
The daily dose depends on the level of blood sugar, the course of diabetes, and is determined by the doctor individually for each patient.
A typical ventilation of this dose is 30% before breakfast, 35% - before lunch, 25% - before dinner and 10% per night.
Although these figures can vary depending on the lifestyle, work.And in order to choose the right insulin with diabetes first detected, a sweet of sweet diabetes can disappear for several days.The benchmark is the same - laboratory indicators.
Due to the high rice of hypoglycemia, insulin is prohibited from introducing ambulance workers to the prehospital stage, who cannot control blood sugar.
Certainly, recently, many portable devices, glycoscomers, designed to measure blood sugar, appeared.
But, first, the reliability of glycomers sometimes leaves much to be desired.
And secondly, as already mentioned, the delayed introduction of insulin is not as frightening as its overdose.
It should be noted that insulin used to treat diabetes is not homogeneous.
It can be pork, livestock (obtained from the pancreas of obstructed animals) and human, synthesized with genetic engineering.
Insulin is not the same in terms of action.If it is necessary to reduce blood sugar as quickly as possible, short -term insulin is introduced.The effect occurs quickly, during the first 15 to 20 minutes, but does not last long.
Insulin of the average duration and extensive action is designed to create the glycemic background necessary during the day.The types of insulin and their combination are also prescribed by an endocrinologist, according to a specific clinical situation.
Saharasses
If insulin is only produced in the form of injection solutions (it is destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract), then the crushing number of hypo sugar drugs is represented by tablets for internal consumption.
It should be noted that insulin and sugar diffusion agents for diabetes are not interchangeable.
More specifically, insulin is only effective with the type of diabetes greater than 1 type of sweet.
And all sugar diffusion agents are only used for 2 types of disease dependent on insulin.This type is based on insulin deficiency.This means that the total amount of insulin produced by the pancreas is normal, even increased.But it is still missing.
This occurs with obesity in old age, when the amount of adipose tissue increases and the compensatory capacities of the human body are low.
There are several types of sugar tablets.All in one way or another modify the course of biochemical reactions and thus stimulate insulin production with beta cells.
At a certain time, beta cells are exhausted, a deficiency relating to insulin becomes absolute, and it is necessary for an additional transition to insulin treatment.
Sometimes the base of diabetes mellitus can be an increased production of constrained thyroid hormones, adrenal glands and pituitary gland.The action of these hormones is exactly the opposite of such insulin - they increase the level of glucose in the blood.
Once the high level of codloxular hormones confirmed by laboratory methods, specific injection agents that regulate their level are prescribed.
Glucose
It turns out that glucose in diabetes is no less important than insulin.This is particularly true for the serious forms of the disease.
Appropriateness in time of glucose tohypoglycemic conditions- It's a question of life and death.After all, blood sugar should be increased as quickly as possible.For this, a 40% concentrated glucose is administered intravenously with a syringe.
IfThe patient is aware, they give him a glass of hot tea with sugar.
But hyperglycemia (rich sugar) also requires the administration of glucose.
The main thing is that glucose accumulates in plasma in large quantities.But the cell does not receive this glucose.The pathological mechanisms of glyoogenesis are launched - the synthesis of fat glucose and proteins, which are intensively decomposed.
To prevent this from happening, glucose is introduced intravenously in the context of the so-appeal polarization of the mixture.This mixture includes 5% glucose, insulin and one of the potassium drugs.Insulin contributes to the penetration of glucose into a cage, and at the same time, it "draws" potassium with it.This is the most important intracellular element which controls almost all metabolic processes in the cell.
Another state when glucose is vital is an increased release of urine in diabetes, so-appeal diabetic urethics.
This is due to the high concentration of blood plasma and secondary kidney damage.Glucose is lost with urine.In this case, the image if called so -appeal - the level of glucose in the blood is reduced without insulin.
In fact, this is a potentially dangerous condition called endocrinologist with "scissors" due to the gap between laboratory indicators and objective data.The only way to avoid these "scissors" lies in the administration of glucose in a timely time of glucose solutions.
Certification and alkalization
Urinalism is, first of all, loss of liquid, which quickly causes dehydration or dehydration.At the same time, an excess of glucose in the blood is transformed into ketone body (acetone and other compounds) which have an acid reaction.
This process is called ketoacidosis.
It takes place extremely difficult and in the absence of treatment ends deplorable.Dehydration and ketoacidosis are blurred each other.
To eliminate dehydration, rehydration is carried out - replenishment of a cash deficiency.Diabetes rehabilitation implies an intravenous infusion of various solutions up to 3 liters per day or more.
In addition to the above glucose, an ordinary isotonic sodium chloride solution (saline solution) is administered, as well as other solutions containing sodium, chlorine, magnesium, potassium ions.
The replenishment of the liquid deficiency normalizes the balance of acids and bases in the body, and largely eliminates acidification in the tissues - acidosis.Effective means of fighting acidosis are the infusion of sterile alcizing solutions.These include sodium bicarbonate, or simply soda.If the patient's condition allows, preferably abundant alkaline consumption in the form of alkaline mineral waters.
Other drugs
Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease.This means that pathology is not limited to the pancreas alone - in one way or another, almost all organs and tissues suffer.To a large extent, this is due to diabetic angiopathy - the lesion of blood vessels and capillaries.
At the same time, the blood circulation in these vessels and capillary is disturbed, which leads to secondary lesions of the internal organs - mainly, the ocular retina (retinopathy) and the kidneys (nephropathy).To eliminate angiopathy, the administration of intravenous drip from various drugs which improves systemic blood circulation is carried out.
In addition to these drugs, drugs of a specific effect are prescribed which affect metabolic processes in nerve fibers.
The violation of blood circulation in the hair network is often complicated by trophic ulcers with a predominant location inside the lower leg.
The treatment of these ulcers requires the use of local antiseptics and antibiotics.Diabetics more often than others are sick with cardiovascular-athosclerosis diseases, hypertension, angina complicated by myocardial infarction.
In the treatment of these diseases, cardiotonics are used, which positively affects myocardial drugs, anti-artisosterosclerotic and hypotents (reduction in blood pressure).With diabetes, not only desirable, but also necessary to take various vitamins-mineral complexes in the form of pharmaceutical drugs and biologically active food additives.
Diabetic regime
Good nutrition in the treatment of diabetes is as important as drugs.Failure to comply with the diet reduces the effectiveness of these drugs to zero.This is particularly true for the 1st type of diabetes, where the smallest nutrition errors are serious with serious consequences.Basic requirements for the diet of diabetics:
- Fractionary supply of food in small portions 4 to 5 times;
- A balanced ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates;
- The number of calories accepted with food should be equal to the number of consumed;
- With obesity - reduction in excess weight.
In this regard, the easily digestible carbohydrates, fatty meat, candies, strong tea, coffee, butter, grapes are contraindicated.Instead of white bread - black, instead of sugar - sugar -sustitis for diabetics.
The preference in the diet must be given to cereals (buckwheat, oatmeal, wheat), soups of light vegetables, fresh vegetables.A diet for each patient is developed individually by a dietitian.
Conclusion
Of course, this article is by no means instructions for self-medication, which can be costly with diabetes with diabetes.It should be noted that it is impossible to completely cure diabetes mellitus depending on insulin.Regrettable, but a fact.But the correct and regular treatment, the protective diet, food and physical restrictions will help return to full life and avoid unwanted complications.